Shep Perkins

Putnam Investment Management LLC (PIM) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1971, the firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam US Holdings I LLC and became an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. (NYSE: BEN) in 2024. PIM provides investment advice across all asset classes to individuals and institutions worldwide through separately managed accounts and pooled investment funds.

The Putnam Advisory Co. LLC (PAC) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and hedge fund manager headquartered in The Putnam Advisory Co. LLC 76203, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1968 and is a subsidiary of Putnam Advisory Holdings II LLC, ultimately owned by Power Corp. of Canada (TSE: POW). PAC manages assets for institutional and international clients as well as various pooled investment funds.

Fidelity Management & Research Co. (FMR) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1946 and is a subsidiary of FMR LLC, also known as Fidelity Investments. FMR provides investment supervisory services, which include sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, qualified tuition programs, privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts.